Confirmation bias is the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms or supports one's prior beliefs or values.[1] People display this bias when they select information that supports their views, ignoring contrary information, or when they interpret ambiguous evidence as supporting their existing attitudes. The effect is strongest for desired outcomes, for emotionally charged issues, and for deeply entrenched beliefs. Confirmation bias cannot be eliminated entirely, but it can be managed, for example, by education and training in critical thinking skills.->
Backfire effect
Congruence bias
Experimenter's or expectation bias
Observer-expectancy effect
Selective perception
A tendency to react to disconfirming evidence by strengthening one's previous beliefs. The existence of this bias as a widespread phenomenon has been disputed in empirical studies.
The tendency to test hypotheses exclusively through direct testing, instead of testing possible alternative hypotheses.
The tendency for experimenters to believe, certify, and publish data that agree with their expectations for the outcome of an experiment, and to disbelieve, discard, or downgrade the corresponding weightings for data that appear to conflict with those expectations.
When a researcher expects a given result and therefore unconsciously manipulates an experiment or misinterprets data in order to find it.
The tendency for expectations to affect perception.